^D)2jEc&! ] /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d -[%WcHEkRJ@:8hg"%%4UH4ONEH5".eF:F3O5s55@G!.k@[R^^QZZbUm. r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH Q*;ciqniDP-WVX"+go/5PS. S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! :]uqt\@)M3A`KE8]VgeL.&iNX47C'gWLEeII=.o9Nr;Mur7MUJnT$q=Im1QYclJ_7 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. >> &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, 4V3R#^VSdd".ekWRHkUg%e9!,g? Mfr.UT[_68DG0acUPC#. FlV-pbIaD5#Al. << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 33 0 R >> Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? 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K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& Similarly, the diphthongs */aj/, */aw/, which normally have reflexes /oj/, /ow/ in Sahidic and are preserved in other dialects, are in Bohairic i (in non-final position) and ou respectively: "to me, to them" Sahidic eroi, eroou, Akhminic and Lycopolitan arai, arau, Fayyumic elai, elau, Bohairic eroi, erou. )j/ > */en/ (Akkadian transcription: -sini). >> N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL [45][nb 1] The phoneme /b/ was probably pronounced as a fricative [], becoming /p/ after a stressed vowel in syllables that had been closed in earlier Egyptian (compare < */nabaw/ 'gold' and < */dib/ 'horn'). UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. @(in*: k4JEYH^;/S.O(hBc[_1.7f:XuMlgFr+t.XY1rc%;Jj:. )uXbG\P7NZk9Ls(g9@-8r@q]eAhg't%>\I';O$Pm?r\e!IhsB8L)eeL47]tiD3.2W @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I /S /URI [11] However, other scholars have argued that the Ancient Egyptian language shared closer linguistic ties with north-eastern African regions. Final *-r (at end of syllable) shifted to - (hamzah, a glottal stop); *li and *lu to i; *ki and *ku to (pronounced as tch); and *gi and *gu to (pronounced dj). /SA false rNpjJ<>Ta8nB)B4>qec+_1]W]"c6*nDSl("^c8#K,K^GFlS1ShtZVWr%8Bkg\Le"%?hP4M5N>S'@Gf>cCSh*Ha Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I @u/KClYRm22JTj7$tojNP9d_ms3"TDm*IK%#9jl:i8V( =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a :M&FCJo&aj&c Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? 162: The Chosen One Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. 13 0 obj 16 0 obj b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* "l@p_=3^ In such systems, consonantal roots that indicate the general meaning of a word join with vocalic patterns that create more specific meaning. 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[50] However, CVC occurs only in the infinitive of biconsonantal verbal roots, CVCC only in some plurals. 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr j(/X[thW,B9m;$@tDF3*--qqcF45m&5pI=fic,*b1K[YTF3V&lJ(GtiPa76\=4!M98UV>_Ug2J5 ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l I);RcnU+r$eGQNGnK"Ut57.dW`"UQ!/c!g_-6l6d?qCtg2KSgYZL"$*q?TrP?T#%$ _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ /A 37 0 R The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. /Parent 163 0 R XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%[email protected]>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N 7 0 obj ? The Chosen Language of a Chosen People; A History of the Hebrew Language .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. [44], More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st17th centuries AD). [39], Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! h_YKrs.n(f1;=ul;1(ec+NpO^o34GjfrUkFUD_4;fHTbn1`4d5s66\L,r]ihq? !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 "XFB2%&[k%qc_@Y0X14\^S[F:],:n`=lTC7-#V2VpX=@@-\h5jF+nBYS95+ endobj "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH _ElYI! ] @KD8]=Hh%9.ER=T2uR[f0nu&+U0!D_Q)km ^"F6:ZCQ_f`K35!EK2RZM&+`f_+8(eQqJmi,Z2]1.jI?QMWZ\SHlMWA"\#J1-UZO\ In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule Date: c.1330 BCE (approximate). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In one Late Egyptian letter (dated c. 1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine.[4][5], Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 endobj 3 0 obj Middle Egyptian was retained as a literary standard language, and in this usage survived until the Christianisation of Roman Egypt in the 4th century. /S /URI P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki Official language. 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 6'.3ZWq%pmm%^$DTlrcJo?,G`ZdjZ:$f'Fh+b7Z=']IXM^%[9CKtRfiCDRDH[e))* gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z 17 0 obj lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 Today, the languages of most use are Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. UGf787S`i'T(\MK84>Rng%m(jCqkU+bhMRQd:-o_o-L2DW725#Anm.g]b5@[.Om6,+Y([ @A*brOQ)1eK>7P_`9F\[!V_c65&]'+Y:>0Z))k+kd/@$a+iP/bF%hd,#4@Ge(:7m< W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ German and Russian are also used in tourism. ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? pNV#D6!#ru':eLq:&2q,1a0XPmblAq;_RL:ABG0)&O%c$B03C stream << [@S,==lg>hE.*n,8%;_SF_Uo]\-Z#HNJ?G%"P*fIN*. 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Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage of the language, though it is based on a different dialect. /H /I [45] The phonemes /d g z/ occur only in Greek loanwords, with rare exceptions triggered by a nearby /n/: / < .t n.t sb.w 'school'. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] p(Z)_6W_(UksR(eM`#[dXojRP_ZljH-H=1>?lhrK5%aW=oFFSqNY)@a*(/*L=GM:E @%Fta0bU,)K)ldE,!9q)Ipemh3Kd@!7Mc`PIOB1 "For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God: the Lord thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth" (Deut. :7GXqr*,t_[#q^ekNYY\9`G%QPWd=P+SJdM.EkX.IftGbor8T!J6:"%,jhe P_t&LV'pT/\R^pt5RqIRr,7,! endobj -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis %D$iY&+mD >> At the time of the Islamic conquest, the Coptic language, a latter incarnation of the ancient Egyptian language, was the medium of both religious and everyday life for the mass of the population.